Classroom Management Tips
提高你的课堂管理技能
By Carmelinda Chilelli
课堂管理:该做和不该做
For novice teachers, one of the most challenging skills to master is classroom management. 这不仅仅是严格或有组织, as it deals with setting up a structured learning environment where certain behaviors are promoted and others are discouraged. Take a look at our list of strategies to help you to prevent off task behaviors and to create a classroom environment that is conducive to learning.
Do's
Build rapport: 营造关爱的班级氛围会减少行为冲突. Forge a class identity and begin working toward a warm and inclusive environment from the first day of the semester:
- Greet your students at the door.
- 在上课的前两周记住他们的名字.
- 通过计划结对或小组活动，让他们认识彼此.
- Invite them to visit your office.
Showing your students that you care often leads to more empathy and understanding and, ultimately, to fewer misunderstandings.
Organize your space在一个富有成效的教室或实验室, 所有的学生都能看到，而不必紧张或从事努力. Once you get to know the class, organize the seats to be free to roam during the class activities. Teacher movement and proximity throughout the classroom increases academic engagement. 桌子的摆放取决于你所追求的互动类型. For example, 如果你想让学生参与讨论或合作学习小组, you would put the desks in tables. 如果你想让学生独立工作, instead, 他们不应该在办公桌前面对面, 所以你可以安排座位，以便面对教室的前面. You may want to ask your students to help organize the desks to reinforce cooperative interaction.
Do your homework总是有一个精心设计和引人入胜的课程. You know the saying ?if you don?t have a plan for them, they?ll have one for you.? Spending time on designing your instruction will help you to better manage your class so that you are not lecturing more than necessary, and more importantly, 让学生有足够的动手学习时间. 每一个小时的教学需要花费一个小时或更多的时间来计划和准备课程, 但随着你经验的积累，它会减少. 当你认真准备一个课程计划时，你可以预料到学生? questions or issues. This will prompt you to find easier ways to introduce and practice a topic and help you to feel more confident in your teaching. 一个成功的课程计划总是包括以下关键部分:
- Objectives for students learning
- Teaching and learning activities
- 检查学生理解/进步的策略
为学生指定具体的目标? learning will help you to determine the kinds of teaching and learning activities you will use in class, while those activities will define how you will check whether the learning objectives have been accomplished.
Always plan more: Always have one or two alternative activities in case the material you have selected doesn?我花了你以为会花的时间，或者没有花的时间?可以按预期工作，或者在技术出现意外故障的情况下工作.
Anticipate the students? questions: Part of your homework is figuring out what the students might ask you and being ready to give an answer. What concepts are difficult? 这个过程中是否有不清楚的步骤? Does the content rely on a recently learned item that the students might not yet understand well? Inexperienced teachers who do not think about what their students may or may not know often find that they cannot make it through their lesson plans because they did not anticipate questions or scaffold the information.
Build on students? 现有知识通过脚手架: By using this teaching approach, the instructor provides support to students that is specifically tailored to their needs as they learn a skill or process, 以及他们之前对某个主题的了解. Scaffolding promotes deep learning because it explicitly helps students connect what they already know to what they are learning at the moment. As students assume more responsibility for their learning, the teacher provides less support. The ultimate goal of scaffolding is for students to become independent lifetime learners, 这样他们就可以自己继续学习，或者在有限的支持下继续学习.
课堂脚手架可能包括以下策略:
- The teacher does it教师示范如何完成一项新的或困难的任务.
- The class does it老师和学生一起完成任务.
- The group does it学生与一个伙伴或一个小组合作完成任务.
- The individual does it: This is the independent practice stage where individual students can demonstrate their task mastery.
Be consistent花点时间教他们如何期望?and to reteach them if necessary. For example, 如果你不接受以电子方式提交的论文，而想要一份硬拷贝, clarify that at the beginning (in addition to have the instructions in the syllabus as well as in Blackboard). 这将节省课堂时间，避免你解释作业. Don?我认为这是在浪费本可以花在教学上的时间. 你的学生对套路越熟悉，他们发现的可能性就越小 ?down time? to engage in misbehavior.
Do get your rules straight, but pick them wisely. 将规则限制在三到五条，并确保它们是具体的. 一些规则比许多规则更容易记住. Moreover, an environment with many rules sounds like cold and rigid and may create an atmosphere of rebellion. 用一种积极的方式来表达陈述，而不是告诉学生什么 ?not? to do (i.e. ?Be prepared? instead of ?Don?t forget your textbook,? ?倾听你的导师和同伴? instead of ?Don?t talk in class?). You might even want to do this the first week: Tell your students that you want the classroom to be the best learning environment, and to do so, we should set a few rules. 让学生分组讨论，然后与全班同学分享. 通过这种方式，学生们参与了这些规则的制定. You also need to be consistent with the adherence to these rules so students not only feel that they are treated fairly, 但也有违反规则的后果, 他们会更有可能尊重他们.
Try non-verbal:当学生从事非任务行为时, simply moving in their direction or standing near them sends a message that you are aware of what they are doing and don?t accept it. Do not talk over students? chatter. A well?placed pause in your instruction can refocus students because there is a noticeable break in what is occurring. Silence can be effective, 以及使用更柔和的声音, 这样每个人都必须认真听你在说什么. Make eye contact, use gestures, get close to the students when they need help with an activity. Establish looks or signals rather than drawing verbal attention to inappropriate behaviors. 也不要背对着教室. Proximity and body language will effectively communicate that you mean to be taken seriously.
Don?ts
Do not ignore misbehavior，但要避免在全班面前与学生正面交锋，以免让学生当众尴尬. Students may test you frequently, but if your reaction is always the same, the game is over quickly. In case of misbehavior, remain calm, but be firm with what behaviors you accept or not. Speak to the student in the hallway or after class to resolve the issue instead of allowing an in-class confrontation. 这会让学生感到被尊重.
No hard feelings约束自己不要拿 it personally. It 在这个语境中，指的是学生们所做的一切:作弊, whining, sleeping in class, turning in homework late, 迟到或不定期出席, and so on. Regardless of their conduct, your job remains the same, 即教授内容和技能来帮助他们获得学位. 所以不要反应过度，树立专业精神.
Set boundaries. 讨人喜欢是帮助学生学习的重要特质. 当学生喜欢他们的老师时，他们学得更容易. 然而，重要的是要明白尊重也同样重要. To maintain professional boundaries and earn their respect, follow our guidelines above. Additionally, treat students with respect, engage them in small talk, 但是不要分享太多或太多你生活中的个人细节. 这包括通过社交媒体.
不要陷入同样的教学模式经常改变你上课的方式. 当事情变得可预测和无聊，纪律问题可能成为一个问题. 在教室里走动，而不是盯着黑板. While students in the front might be engaged, the rest of the class is free to tune out. Instructing from different places in the room throughout class keeps students on-task and discourages off-task behavior.
Do not be late为学生树立你想要的行为榜样是非常重要的. 偶尔迟到不是问题. It?s when you are chronically late that you show the students it is acceptable for them to be late as well. Be as punctual as you possibly can, and when you are late be sure to apologize to students. It is also important to return tests or graded assignments on time as well; students need immediate feedback on short-term assignments because it facilitates information processing, reinforces efficacy, 或提供具体的改进方向. 此外，即时反馈鼓励自我评估. This means that the students can recognize strengths and challenges and use that information to improve their performance.
Sources: teachers.net; edutopia; The CSU Writing Studio; 范德比尔特大学提供教学支持.